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Types of vehicle
In Malaysia, a business may exist in a number of different forms, including sole proprietorships, partnerships (including a limited liability partnership) and companies or representative, regional or branch offices of foreign companies.
The principal form of business organisation that is most relevant and common to a typical franchisor would be a private limited company.
Regulation of business formation
Where incorporation of a company is concerned, the relevant laws are the Companies Act 2016 and the Companies Regulations 2017 (the 2016 Act), which came into force on 31 January 2017 (save for certain provisions including corporate voluntary arrangements and judicial management), repealing the Companies Act 1965 (the 1965 Act). The relevant agency is the Companies Commission of Malaysia (SSM) (www.ssm.com.my).
Requirements for forming a business
Provide an overview of the requirements for forming and maintaining a business entity.
The 2016 Act has simplified the company incorporation and decision-making process by introducing Superform – a single, electronic incorporation template. All incorporation and registration procedures will be processed through SSM’s newly launched online portal, MyCoID 2016. A notice of registration will serve as conclusive evidence of incorporation. This is intended to reduce incorporation, maintenance and operational costs.
Briefly, the requirements for incorporating a company with the SSM and maintaining the company are as follows:
In short, the key changes of the 2016 Act include the following:
Restrictions on foreign investors
Generally, a foreign company cannot carry on business in Malaysia unless it incorporates a company as its subsidiary, sets up a branch office or registers a representative office in Malaysia. In certain circumstances, a foreign company may wholly own a Malaysian company; for example, if the foreign company has been granted Multimedia Super Corridor status or has been granted the status of International Procurement Centre, Operational Headquarters or other special statuses that can be granted by various ministries.
As of 1 December 2004, all proposals for foreign involvement in distributive trade must obtain the approval of the Committee on Distributive Trade under the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (the Committee).
The Guidelines for Foreign Participation in the Distributive Trade Services (the Guidelines) include:
Distributive traders include wholesalers, retailers, franchise practitioners, direct sellers, product manufacturers and suppliers who channel their goods in the domestic market and commission agents or other representatives, including those of international trading companies of all nationalities.
The Guidelines impose a general requirement that all proposals for foreign participation in distributive trade must obtain the approval of the Committee. In line with the national development policy, the Committee requires at least 30 per cent bumiputra participation for hypermarkets.
One of the said approvals is known to many as a wholesale and retail trade (WRT) licence, which must be obtained by all foreign-owned companies dealing in the wholesale, retail, trading, import or export, restaurant and franchise businesses before they can operate in Malaysia. In order for a foreign company to apply for a WRT licence, the company must have at least a minimum paid-up capital of 1 million ringgit and it will take around one to two months for the WRT licence to be processed.
It should be noted that the Guidelines provide that all franchise businesses with foreign equity must be incorporated locally under the 2016 Act.
Taxation
All of a company’s or individual’s income that is accrued in, derived from or remitted to Malaysia is liable to tax. Nevertheless, income derived from outside Malaysia and remitted to Malaysia by resident companies (except those involved in the banking, insurance, air and sea transportation business), non-resident companies and non-resident individuals are exempted from tax. A corporation is resident in Malaysia if its management and control are exercised in Malaysia.
The standard corporate tax rate is 24 per cent, while the rate for resident small and medium-sized companies (namely companies incorporated in Malaysia with paid-up capital of 2.5 million ringgit or less) is 17 per cent on the first 500,000 ringgit with effect from year of assessment 2019, with the balance being taxed at the 24 per cent rate. Income tax is imposed at progressive rates up to 28 per cent for resident individuals. Non-residents are taxed at a flat rate of 28 per cent.
Apart from income tax, there are other direct taxes such as stamp duty and real property gains tax, and indirect taxes such as excise duty, import duty and export duty.
A withholding tax is charged to non-resident companies or individuals that derive income from a Malaysian source on payments for services rendered, technical fees or other payments including royalties and interest (at 10 and 15 per cent respectively).
Sales tax and service tax (also known as SST) came into force on 1 September 2018, replacing the goods and services tax (GST) under the Goods and Services Tax Act 2014. The implementation of sales tax and service tax are primarily governed under the Sales Tax Act 2018 and Service Tax Act 2018 respectively. Sales tax is charged on all goods manufactured in or imported into Malaysia unless exempted. It is an ad valorem tax whereby different rates (ie, 5 per cent, 10 per cent or exempted) apply to different group of taxable goods. On the other hand, service tax is imposed on any taxable services provided in Malaysia by a registered person in carrying on his or her business. Some of the taxable services include provision of accommodation, food and beverages, telecommunication services, services in health and wellness centres and professional services. The service tax rate is 6 per cent for all taxable services.
Labour and employment
The Employment Act 1955 governs all matters relating to employment. It applies to all employees whose wages do not exceed 2,000 ringgit per month. All other workers are governed by their employment contracts and common law principles developed through case law. Such common law principles impose certain basic obligations on employers and employees.
The risk that a franchisee or employees of a franchisee could be deemed employees of the franchisor is minimal. Notwithstanding this, to further reduce any risk, it should be expressly provided in the franchise agreement between the franchisor and franchisee that no such relationship exists, and the franchisee should display appropriately worded signage at the franchised location clearly indicating the franchisee’s status as an independent undertaking. The franchisor may wish to adopt the following practices to avoid being seen as exercising controls over the employees of its franchisees and, accordingly, to minimise the risks:
Intellectual property
Under the Trademarks Act 1976 (TMA), trademarks (including service marks) can be protected with the Malaysian Intellectual Property Office (MyIPO) by way of registration. Registration is the best method of protection, as it provides an exclusive right to use the trademark for the goods or services covered by the registration in Malaysia.
Registration of a trademark is available to an individual, partnership or company who intends to use or is using the trademark in the course of trade in Malaysia. All registered owners, whether local or foreign, are entitled to the same protection. Malaysian law also accords rights to unregistered trademarks or service marks under common law through the tort of passing-off. It is possible to register a trademark that is in a foreign language. A person’s registration as the registered proprietor of a trademark in respect of any goods or services under the TMA shall, if valid, give or be deemed to have given to that person the exclusive right to the use of the trademark or service mark in relation to the goods or services in the whole of Malaysia, subject to any conditions, amendments, modifications or limitations entered in the register.
Under the TMA, no one is entitled to sue for infringement unless the trademark has been duly registered. The registered proprietor’s exclusive right to the mark is effective from the date of registration, which is deemed to be the date that the application to register is filed.
Malaysia acceded to the Paris Convention on 1 January 1989. Applicants may claim priority from their basic application in a member country of the Paris Convention, provided that the application in Malaysia is filed within six months of the date of basic application. Malaysia is also a signatory of the Nice Agreement and adopts the 11th edition of Nice Classification of the Nice Classification of Goods and Services and the TMClass. The Malaysian Government has on 1 July 2019 passed the Trademark Bill 2019 (the TM Bill). The TM Bill will repeal and replace the Trade Marks Act 1976 with the goals of ‘modernising’ the provisions as well as to paving way for Malaysia’s accession of the Madrid Protocol. Certain provisions of the TM Bill are expected to come Into force in the later part of 2019, and the provisions on Madrid Protocol are expected to be effective in early 2020.
Know-how, trade secrets and confidential information are generally protected by secrecy agreements, undertakings, or both, that bind the recipient personally. Where no such agreements or undertakings exist, the common law of breach of confidence will apply. The requirements for an actionable breach of confidence would be:
The Franchise Act 1998 (FA) expressly provides for the protection of confidential information (see question 40).
Real estate
Most franchised outlets are leased or tenanted properties rather than being owned by franchisees or franchisors. In Malaysia it is common for owners to enter into a tenancy agreement for a period not exceeding three years so as to avoid having to register the lease at the relevant land office. One has to fall back on general contract law – the Contracts Act 1950 – for much of the Malaysian law governing landlords and tenants.
Franchising in the market
Franchising is very common and widespread in Malaysia and is considered one of the popular methods of business growth and expansion. Common sectors include food and beverages, education and learning centres, health and wellness, retail and services. The halal franchise business is gaining momentum in Malaysia and offers good prospects in the international markets.
The Malaysian government strongly believes the franchise industry plays a pivotal role in contributing to the national GDP and as such, it has taken the leading role in developing and nurturing the growth of the franchise industry. The government, through the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs together with Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS) supported by the Malaysian Franchise Association (MFA), has introduced and implemented many programmes and initiatives that are designed to provide a conducive environment to accelerate the development of competitive and quality ‘fran-preneurs’ and create strategic network and alliances with the private sectors. The various incentives and schemes for franchisors and franchisees including the Franchise Financing Scheme (SPF), the Franchise Development Assistance Fund (DBPF), the Small Franchise Financing Scheme (SPKF), the Franchise Development (PPF) and Local Franchise Product Development Programme (PPFT). The franchise industry in Malaysia is expected to contribute 35 billion ringgit to the national GDP by 2020, and Malaysia aims to be the regional hub in ASEAN for the franchise industry. As of April 2019, there were 877 registered franchises in Malaysia, which contributed 30.03 billion ringgit to Malaysia’s GDP in 2018. The government has set a target for the franchise industry to contribute 35 billion ringgit to the country’s GDP in 2020.
Legal definition
Under section 4 of the FA (as amended by the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012), the statutory definition of a franchise is a contract or an agreement, either expressed or implied and whether oral or written, between two or more persons, by which:
In order to fall within the purview of the FA, the arrangement must consist of all of the above elements. This arrangement will then be regarded as a franchise, whether it is called a franchise or otherwise.
Franchise laws and agencies
The FA, as amended by the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012 came into force on 1 January 2013. The Franchise Development Division of the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (MDTCA) is the governmental agency that regulates the offer and sale of franchises and approval or registration of franchisors and franchisees in Malaysia.
Principal franchise requirements
Describe the relevant requirements of these laws and agencies.
The Malaysian government has long been aware that franchising is one of the fastest ways to create and increase the number of local entrepreneurs and promote growth in the franchise industry in Malaysia. Essentially enacted to facilitate and monitor the growth of the franchise industry, the FA applies throughout Malaysia and to the sale of any franchise in Malaysia. Pursuant to the FA, franchisors, master franchisees and foreign franchisors are required to seek approval from or register with (or both) the registrar of franchises before they can offer to sell or buy franchises in Malaysia.
Under the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012, a franchisee of a foreign franchisor must register the franchise before commencing the franchise business. A franchisee of a local franchisor or a local master franchisee must register the franchise within 14 days of the date of signing the franchise agreement.
Exemptions
If a person is able to demonstrate that its business model does not fall within the definition of a franchise, in that it does not satisfy all the ingredients in the definition of the franchise, such business would not be covered by the provisions and purview of the FA.
Under the Franchise (Exemption) Order 2004, any person who has sold a franchise in Malaysia or to any Malaysian citizen prior to the commencement of the FA (8 October 1999) would be exempted from complying with section 54, namely the requirement to submit an application to the registrar.
Pursuant to section 58 of the FA, the minister may, by order published in the Malaysian Gazette, exempt, subject to such conditions as he or she deems fit to impose, any person or class of persons or business or industry from any or all of the provisions of the FA. To date, the only industry that is exempted under this provision is the petroleum industry.
Under the Franchise (Exemption) Order 2001 (PU(A) 27/2001), the minister has exempted from the provisions of the FA the petroleum industry’s franchising:
Franchisor eligibility
One requirement that is highly unpopular among franchisors and local master franchisees is that they must operate their own outlets profitably for at least three years before they are permitted to appoint sub-franchisees. While this requirement is not expressly provided in the FA, or any of the regulations, the authorities have taken the view that it is one of the prescribed requirements under law due to section 18 of the disclosure document, which requires the franchisors or master franchisees to submit audited financial statements for the past three years.
Franchisee and supplier selection
Although the FA does not expressly restrict the manner in which a franchisor recruits franchisees or selects its suppliers, the government does exercise some form of control and impose certain conditions (when granting its approval during the approval application or registration process). For instance, if the territorial area granted to a potential franchisee is considered to be too small or restrictive, the Registrar would request the applicant to extend the territorial right to a larger area (usually by reference to a radius in kilometres). The Registrar of Franchises would also require the franchisor to submit a list of its suppliers in granting approvals. If the franchisor has not shown profitability or healthy growth in its financial statements for the franchise business, the Registrar is likely to refuse the approval application or registration on the basis that the franchisor is not ready to sell its franchise systems to franchisees in Malaysia.
Pre-contractual disclosure
In the case of a sub-franchising structure (namely where the foreign franchisor appoints a local master franchisee who will in turn appoint sub-franchisees in Malaysia), the local master franchisee is the one providing presale disclosures to sub-franchisees. The local master franchisee must disclose the fact that it is a master franchisee, not the franchisor of the franchise in question, and that the trademarks belong to the foreign franchisor. As the foreign franchisor should have submitted an application for the franchise prior to the sale of the franchise to the master franchisee pursuant to section 54 of the FA, all relevant information pertaining to its operations and experiences would have been provided to the Registrar during such application. Section 16 of the FA (as amended by the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012) provides that an updated disclosure document must be filed annually by the franchisor, within six months of the end of the financial year of the franchise business.
Pre-sale disclosure to sub-franchisees
A local franchisor must submit to a franchisee a copy of the franchise agreement, together with the disclosure documents, at least 10 days before the franchisee signs the franchise agreement with the franchisor. Basically, disclosure documents provide a full overview of the franchise business system that will be franchised to the franchisee. A franchisor’s failure to submit these documents is an offence under the FA. If there is any material change in the disclosure documents, they must be amended and filed with the Registrar of Franchises. The franchisor must submit an annual report with the Registrar of Franchises within six months of the end of the financial year of the franchise business, failing which is an offence. The report must contain updated disclosure documents.
Due diligence
What due diligence should the parties undertake before entering a franchise relationship?
Both franchisors and franchisees should undertake due diligence before entering into a franchise relationship. Although there is no specific process or exhaustive checklist for the due diligence, it can entail taking a number of action items or steps, namely from checking if the franchise in question has been registered and approved by the MDTCA to operate in Malaysia, to speaking with other franchisees in the network and conducting desktop research online. An important and relevant source of information would be the disclosure document and franchise agreement, which must be provided by the franchisor at least 10 days before the franchisee signs the franchise agreement. The franchisor should conduct a company or business search (on the legal entity) and credit checks on the franchisee (or its key person).
What must be disclosed
The disclosure documents contain a large amount of information, including, without limitation, the following:
Continuing disclosure
Section 15 of the FA provides that a franchisor must submit to a franchisee a copy of the franchise agreement and disclosure documents at least 10 days before the franchisee signs the agreement with the franchisor. This seems to suggest that if the franchisors were to sign new franchise agreements (for the renewed terms) with the current franchisee, they would have to provide such disclosure documents.
Disclosure requirements – enforcement
It is a criminal offence under the FA to make false statements of material fact or to omit a material fact that renders the statement misleading in the disclosure documents. It is also a criminal offence if the franchisor fails to submit copies of the disclosure documents to the franchisee at least 10 days before the franchisee signs the franchise agreement. Failure to update the disclosure documents when submitting an annual report would also amount to an offence.
Disclosure violations – relief for franchisees
In the event of violations of disclosure requirements, the franchisees may lodge a complaint against the franchisor with the Registry of Franchises.
A contract induced by misrepresentation is voidable at the choice of the innocent party. The innocent party may rescind the contract by giving notice to the other party and any party who has received any advantage under the contract is bound to restore it, or compensate the other party for it.
The general rule governing the extent of damages payable is laid down in section 74 of the Contract Act 1950:
When a contract has been broken, the party who suffers by the breach is entitled to receive, from the party who has broken the contract, compensation for any loss or damage caused to him thereby, which naturally arose in the usual course of things from the breach, or which the parties knew, when they made the contract, to be likely to result from the breach of it.
Disclosure violations – apportionment of liability
Unless the franchisor is a party to the contract between the master franchisee and sub-franchisees, the franchisor will not be liable to the sub-franchisees as there is no privity of contract between them. Nevertheless, in most agreements between the franchisor and sub-franchisor, there would be an appropriately drafted warranty and indemnity clauses to address this issue. Individual officers, directors and employees of the franchisor or sub-franchisor, as the case may be, will not be liable unless they are personally party to the contract or if the other party is able to lift the corporate veil to impute liabilities to them personally.
General rules on offer and sale
Apart from the FA, the provisions in the Contracts Act 1950 would be relevant and may affect the offer and sale of franchises.
General rules on pre-sale disclosure
There is a requirement to provide the franchisee with the disclosure documents and the franchisee’s right of termination under section 18(5) of the FA during the cooling-off period, as well as a provision in section 37 of the FA that provides that a person who, whether directly or indirectly, makes any untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact that renders his or her statement to be misleading commits an offence. Apart from this, no other general obligations for presale disclosure apply to franchise transactions.
Fraudulent sale
If the franchisor engages in any act, practice or course of business that operates or would operate as a fraud or deceit upon any person in relation to an offer to sell or a sale of a franchise, the franchisor commits a criminal offence under the FA that will entitle the franchisee to lodge a complaint against the franchisor with the Registry of Franchises. If convicted, the franchisor may be liable for a maximum fine of 250,000 ringgit for the first offence. Further, the court may declare the franchise agreement null and void and may order the franchisor to refund any payments obtained from any franchisee or prohibit the franchisor from making any new franchise agreement or appointing any new franchisee.
Franchise relationship laws
The FA is the most specific and relevant law. The contractual relationship of the parties would also be governed by the contractual terms of the franchise agreement and accordingly the provisions of the Contracts Act 1950 would be relevant.
Operational compliance
In order for the franchisor to ensure and enforce stringent compliance by franchisee with the operational compliance and standards of its franchise system, the franchisor would usually incorporate provisions such as inspection with or without prior notice, audit rights, a mystery shopper programme and reporting requirements in the franchise agreements. In the event a franchisee fails to meet the required standards, the franchisor would give the franchisee a specific time frame to remedy the failure, failing which, the franchisor may be entitled to terminate the franchise agreement. In addition, the franchisor should ensure that the operations manual, policies and procedures for other operational compliance and standards are incorporated into the franchise agreements by reference.
Other mechanisms may include the installation of web-based accounting and POS (point of sale) systems to enable franchisor to monitor the franchisee’s compliance closely without having to inspect the outlet physically. It Is also important for the franchisor’s team members to visit the outlets periodically to keep the franchisees on their toes and continuously support and train the franchisee on the job to improve performance.
Amendment of operational terms
Although a franchisor may not unilaterally change the terms of the franchise agreement without the prior consent of the franchisees, the franchisor may state in the franchise agreement that the contents or terms of the operations manual may be updated, varied or amended by the franchisor from time to time and they must be adhered to by the franchisee.
It should also be noted that any material changes to the disclosure documents after the registration of the franchise should be submitted for approval by the Franchise Development Division of the MDTCA. Such material changes may cover operational terms and standards of the franchise business and franchise system.
Other laws affecting franchise relations
The Contracts Act 1950 also affects the franchise relationship. In addition, the provisions of the Competition Act 2010 should be taken into account.
Policy affecting franchise relations
As well as the policies expounded by the Franchise Development Division of the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs, other government policies such as the Distributive Trade Guidelines may have an impact on the franchise industry and franchise relationship. The Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs launched the National Franchise Development Blueprint 2012-2016 (NFDB), which is a long-term development plan to further develop the franchise industry. The NFDB has three objectives:
The Malaysian Franchise Association (MFA) was formed in 1994 to support the implementation of government programmes to promote entrepreneurship through franchising. The MFA serves as a resource centre for current and prospective franchisors and franchisees, as well as for the media and public. The MFA provides input and liaises with government departments and agencies on matters concerning franchising. As well as setting guidelines and standards of ethical practice among its members, it serves as a forum through which expertise and experiences of members may be exchanged. The MFA also conducts seminars, exhibitions and educational programmes on franchising.
Perbadanan Nasional Berhad (PNS) is an agency under the MDTCA, with the mandate to lead the development of Malaysia’s franchise industry. The PNS aims to develop the franchise industry while increasing the number of franchise entrepreneurs through its expertise in providing quality services and products. The PNS plays a pivotal role in identifying and acquiring foreign franchises and launching them in Malaysia, and acquires master franchisee rights to famous foreign brands such as Gloria Jean’s Coffee. The PNS also provides financial assistance to bumiputra entrepreneurs venturing into franchise businesses via equity investment and franchise business financing. The PNS has also set up a Franchise Academy to conduct various franchise-related training programmes.
Termination by franchisor
A franchisor may only terminate a franchise relationship under certain circumstances prescribed by the FA. For instance, section 31 of the FA provides that no franchisor shall terminate a franchise agreement before the expiration date, except for good cause.
‘Good cause’ includes:
Good cause also includes – without the requirement of notice and an opportunity to remedy the breach – instances in which the franchisee:
In addition, section 32 of the FA may restrict the franchisor’s ability to terminate a franchise relationship in that a franchisor commits an offence if it refuses to renew a franchise agreement or extend a franchise term without compensating a franchisee either by a repurchase or by other means at a price to be agreed between the franchisor and the franchisee, after considering the diminution in the value of the franchised business caused by the expiration of the franchise where:
Notwithstanding these provisions of the FA, a franchise term may be terminated before the expiry of the minimum term of five years in the following circumstances:
Nothing in the FA precludes the franchisor from taking over and operating the business formerly operated by the franchisee after the franchise agreement has been terminated or has expired.
Termination by franchisee
Section 31 of the FA (as amended by the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012) expressly provides for circumstances in which a franchisee may terminate a franchise relationship. It is now clear that the rights of the franchisee to terminate the relationship would be based on good causes as provided to the franchisor, as provided in question 32.
Renewal
Most if not all franchise agreements contain renewal provisions and conditions for renewing the franchise agreements. In addition, there are provisions in the FA that regulate the renewal and non-renewal of franchise agreements. If the parties agree that there will be no change to the terms of the franchise agreement during the renewal period, it will be sufficient for the parties to execute a side letter without having to enter into a fresh agreement for the renewal term.
Refusal to renew
The franchisor may refuse to renew the franchise agreement with a franchisee in the following circumstances:
Unless the franchisor is able to establish either one of the above circumstances, it appears from section 34 of the FA that the franchisor must renew the franchise agreement to another period if the franchisee has applied for such renewal. It should also be noted that the franchise agreement for the renewed term must contain conditions that are similar or not less favourable than the conditions in the current franchise agreement. The term ‘another period’ in this provision seems to suggest that the renewed period for a franchise agreement based on similar or no less favourable terms is limited to one additional term from the initial term.
Transfer restrictions
Yes, provided that such restrictions are contained in the franchise agreement.
Fees
Although there is no express provision in the FA or any other law affecting the nature or amount of fees, there is a general provision in the FA that provides that a franchisor and a franchisee, in their dealings with one another, shall avoid the following conduct:
In addition to the above general provision, if a franchisor requires the franchisee to make payment of the franchise fee before signing the franchise agreement, including a payment which is part of a franchise fee, the franchisor must state in writing the purpose of the payment and the conditions for use and refund of the monies. If the franchise agreement is terminated during the cooling-off period, the franchisor must refund all monies, including the initial fees paid by the franchisee, after deducting the reasonable expenses incurred to prepare the franchise agreement for the franchisee. The franchisor would commit a criminal offence if it fails to do so.
If the fees or other charges imposed by the franchisor are, in the Registrar’s opinion, unreasonably or unjustifiably high, the Registrar may seek further information or explanations from the franchisor before the application or registration is approved or granted.
Usury
The amount of interest charged on overdue payments should not be excessively high or it may not be recoverable.
Foreign exchange controls
There is no restriction on payments by a franchisee to a foreign franchisor in the franchisor’s domestic currency (foreign currency).
Confidentiality covenant enforceability
Yes, they are enforceable. In addition, section 26(1) of the FA provides that a franchisee must give a written guarantee to a franchisor that the franchisee, including its directors, the spouses and immediate family of the directors (as inserted by the Franchise (Amendment) Act 2012) and its employees may not disclose to any person any information contained in the operation manual or obtained while undergoing training organised by the franchisor during the franchise term and for two years after the expiration or earlier termination of the franchise agreement. Failure to provide such a written guarantee or to comply with the guarantee provided is an offence. Apart from being an offence under the FA, in the event of the franchisee breaching the confidentiality obligations, the franchisor may commence civil proceedings or proceedings regarding breach of the franchise agreement.
Good-faith obligation
Under the provisions of the FA, it is provided that a franchisor and a franchisee shall act in an honest and lawful manner and shall endeavour to pursue the best franchise business practice of the time and place. Nevertheless, failure to comply with these provisions is not an offence.
Franchisees as consumers
There is no law (including the Trade Descriptions Act 2011 and Consumer Protection Act 1999) that treats franchisees as consumers for the purposes of consumer protection.
Language of the agreement
Disclosure documents and franchise agreements may be in English. The Franchise Development Division expects a translated copy of the franchise agreement in Bahasa Malaysia to be submitted for approval by the local franchisors or master franchisees.
Restrictions on franchisees
Describe the types of restrictions placed on the franchisees in franchise contracts.
Pursuant to the FA, there are various restrictions in relation to these provisions in the franchise contracts. They include, without limitation, the following:
While the FA does not impose any restrictions on the franchisees on soliciting other franchisees’ employees, it is common for the franchisor to insert such a restriction in the franchise agreement to ensure that its other franchisees will not encounter such challenges in having their employees being solicited by other franchisees. This provides the franchisor with an option to terminate the franchise agreement of a franchisee found to be soliciting employees of other franchisees.
Competition law
The Malaysian Competition Act 2010 (CA) came into force on 1 January 2012. The Malaysia Competition Commission (MyCC) is an independent body established under the Competition Commission Act 2010 to enforce the CA. MyCC issued numerous guidelines that came into force in 2012, including the Guidelines on Anti-Competitive Agreements and Market Definition (both came into force in 2012) as well as on Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Law (came into force in April 2019) that set out a non-exhaustive list of factors and circumstances that MyCC may consider in deciding whether certain agreements are anticompetitive. These guidelines are non-exhaustive and not a substitute for the CA or any regulations made thereunder and may be revised should the need arise. In applying these guidelines, the facts and circumstances of each case will be considered. MyCC has indicated that it has plans to issue specific guidelines dealing with franchise agreements, but no specific timeline has been given.
The CA prohibits two broad categories of anticompetitive activities: ‘anti-competitive agreements’ and ‘abuse of a dominant position’. A franchise agreement, which is a vertical agreement, would be prohibited by the CA if it has the object or effect of significantly preventing, restricting or distorting competition in any market for goods or services (section 4(1) of the CA). Towards this end, MyCC will not just examine the common intentions of the parties to an agreement but will also assess the aims pursued by the agreement in the light of the economic context of the agreement. If the object of an agreement is highly likely to have a significant anticompetitive impact, then MyCC may find the agreement to have an anticompetitive object. If an anticompetitive object is not found, the agreement may still breach the CA if there is an anticompetitive effect. In general and as a starting point, MyCC will adopt the following basis for assessing whether an anticompetitive effect is ‘significant’. Anticompetitive agreements will not be considered significant if (paragraph 3.4 of the Guidelines on Anti-Competitive Agreements):
It should be noted that the CA does not apply to agreements that comply with legislative requirements. Thus, if certain provisions in the franchise agreements are inserted to comply with the FA (for example, the provision against the franchisee in conducting a similar business during the franchise term and for two years thereafter), arguments could be made that they are not anticompetitive.
Apart from these guidelines, there are no decisions that would be instructive as to how MyCC or the Malaysian courts would consider various contractual restrictions in franchise agreements. In applying these guidelines, the facts and circumstances of each case will be considered.
Courts and dispute resolution
The Malaysian legal system is based substantially on the English legal system and the principles of common law. English judicial decisions and other Commonwealth judicial decisions are considered by the Malaysian courts, but only as a persuasive rather than conclusive authority. Although Malaysia is federally constituted, its judicial system is a single-structured system consisting of superior and subordinate courts. The superior courts are the High Court of Malaya, the High Court of Sabah and Sarawak and the Court of Appeal. The subordinate courts are the magistrates’ courts and the sessions courts. The Federal Court is the highest judicial authority in Malaysia and is the final court of appeal.
The law offers equal protection for foreigners and foreign-owned companies. Commercial disputes may be resolved by arbitration. Malaysian law gives effect to the 1958 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Unlike arbitration, which enjoys statutory recognition (the Arbitration Act 2005 came into force on 15 March 2006 and repealed the Arbitration Act 1952 and the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards Act 1985), there is no statute providing for dispute resolution by way of mediation, as is found in some other jurisdictions. Nevertheless, in recent times mediation has been increasingly encouraged as an alternative mechanism for dispute resolution.
The Registrar of Franchises has recently adopted a practice that would require franchise agreements to incorporate a mediation clause.
Arbitration – advantages for franchisors
Arbitration is often promoted and considered as better and more efficient than litigation when resolving franchise disputes, saving both money and time. Arbitration’s rules of evidence and procedures are more relaxed and simple, which usually means it takes less time and less money to bring a franchise dispute to resolution.
It is particularly attractive for foreign franchisors, as the proceedings and documents can be conducted in English. As well as flexibility regarding the choice of arbitration location, hearing dates can be scheduled around the needs and availability of the parties involved – unlike trial dates, which are fixed by the courts and beyond the control of those involved. Arbitration proceedings are generally held in private, and parties keep the proceedings and terms of the final resolution confidential.
Despite its many benefits, arbitration may not always be the best option. In certain circumstances, it may have various drawbacks and shortcomings that do not exist in litigation. The costs may be higher than anticipated, as the arbitrators’ fees, administrative fees and other expenses to be borne by the parties are higher than those incurred in litigation. The arbitrator’s decision-making power is a more discretionary and flexible decision-making power than a judge’s and the hearing is private, meaning the ramifications of choosing the wrong or unskilled arbitrator could be more serious. The less well-defined rules and fewer procedural safeguards adopted in arbitration may sometimes result in mistakes. Owing to the arbitrator’s final and binding decision being generally unappealable (except in special circumstances), the decision can result in serious and unfortunate repercussions for one of the parties involved.
National treatment
Although the requirements for registration under the Franchise Act 1998 differ between foreign and local franchisors, the recent trends seem to show that the MDTCA has adopted a more stringent approach where foreign franchisors are concerned. Under the section 54 approval application, a foreign franchisor is now required to provide as much information and data as a local franchisor before it is approved to appoint franchisees in Malaysia, in order to create a level playing field for these players. Such information and documents include, without limitation, its detailed profile, extent of experience and knowledge in the franchised business, the total number of franchise outlets globally, initial franchise investment costs and certified true copies of audited accounts for the past three years. A foreign franchisor does not have to submit a disclosure document as yet though it does appear that the information and documents submitted are similarly extensive.
New legislation and regulation
New legislation and regulation49 Are there any proposals for new legislation or regulation, or to revise existing legislation and regulation? Are there other current developments or trends to note?
In light of the recent decision of Dr H K Fong Brainbuilder Pte Ltd v Sg-Maths Sdn Bhd & Ors [2018] 11 MLJ 701 (which is pending appeal), the MDTCA has indicated that it has plans to require all foreign franchisors to register under section 6 of the FA, even though approvals have been granted under section 54. However, they may consider adopting an automatic approval for these foreign franchisors thereby without any requirements for the foreign franchisors to re-enter any additional data as required under the application for section 6 of the FA. However, there may be additional approval and registration fees payable, and it is still uncertain as to whether foreign franchisors would be required to comply with the provisions in section 11 (amendments to disclosure documents), section 15 (compulsory practice where the disclosure document is concerned) and section 16 (filing of annual report).
Dr Fong Ho Kheong (Dr Fong) is the founder of BrainBuilder, a business that he established to teach mathematics to school students using a method developed by him. The plaintiff, a Singaporean entity incorporated by Dr Fong, entered into a master licence agreement (MLA) with the first defendant to open, operate and manage BrainBuilder centres in Malaysia. Further to commencing the BrainBuilder business in Malaysia, the plaintiff subsequently discovered that the first defendant had committed various breaches of the MLA, prompting it to institute an action against the defendants. The High Court held it is not bound by any label or description given by the parties to the MLA and based on the BrainBuilder business, which bore the hallmarks of a franchise, so the MLA is subject to the FA. The High Court further held that both the plaintiff and the first defendant were obliged to register with the Registry of Franchises under the respective provisions, which are deemed mandatory. By applying a purposive construction, the High Court reasoned that section 6(1) applies to all franchisors, local and foreign alike, including a master franchisee. In its view, to hold otherwise would mean:
In view of the plaintiff’s and first defendant’s failure to comply with the mandatory requirements of sections 6(1) and 6A(1) respectively, the MLA was held to be void in its entirety and, therefore, unenforceable.
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Lexology (Wong Jin Nee & Teo – Jin Nee Wong)
